The Gestapo

July 22nd, 2010


It all began on one fateful afternoon i.e January 30, 1933. Adolf Hitler rose to power and was named Chancellor of Germany. Upon becoming the Chancellor of Germany, as promised by him, Hermann Goring was named the Interior Minister of Prussia. Prussia was the largest and the most vital German state, controlling more than two-thirds of the country including Berlin. As a result, Goring was the commander of the largest police force in all of Germany. This started the worst misuse of powers the world had ever witnessed.

Initially the police force consisted of officers who were loyal to the Republic and not in the league with the Nazis. But this was not what Goring had in mind. As soon as he gained control, he separated the espionage/intelligence and the political wings of the police forces and filled the various positions with Nazis. This was named the Gestapo, standing for Geheime Staatspolizei: “Secret State Police”.

In 1934, Goring urged Hitler to extend the powers of the Gestapo to all parts of the country. This did not go down well with SS Reichsfurher Heinrich Himmler, who was the commander of the second largest police force of Germany in Bavaria. Goring eventually named Himmler commander of the Gestapo and of all police forces outside of Prussia. This made the Gestapo the ultimate authority to report to after Hitler.

The resolution passed on February 10, 1936 was the final nail on the coffin of democracy. It included the following line – “Neither the instructions nor the affairs of the Gestapo will be open to review by the administrative courts.” This gave the permission to the Gestapo to be above law and any action by them could not be tried in court or lead to persecution.

It is said that “Power leads to corruption and absolute power leads to absolute corruption”. Gestapo took this to it’s heart and indulged in crimes which were heinous to say the least. Anyone in Germany could be arrested by the Gestapo, interrogated, tortured, sent to a concentration camp and even murdered. There was no legal procedure to be appealed to, no cases to be filed. All those within the radar of the Gestapo were doomed to a grisly end.

In reality, the Gestapo was never a big organization. At the most, it’s numbers were well within 40,000. But the main weapon with the Gestapo was it’s large web of informants and spies. It was not limited to the recruited informers and spies, but rather anyone who provided any type of information which could be termed “Anti-Germany”. It could be anyone from the milkman to the schoolboy who crossed the street everyday. This created a state of constant fear to the extent that a man would not speak anything without thinking about it’s implications.

In 1942, with Hitler’s Night and Fog decree, Gestapo got the power to send anyone who was termed Anti-Nazi to far away interrogation camps and eventually to concentration camps. The main victims of this were the Jews who were termed as risks to the society and to be exterminated. Millions of Jews died in these concentration camps.

The fall of the Gestapo came with the end of the war and it ceased to exist completely post the Nuremberg trials. Most of the Nazi leaders were executed, some like Heinrich Mueller managed to escape.



By: Sei Kal

Police Brutality

July 5th, 2010


We expect police to work hard preventing crime and keeping us safe. To be sure, the vast majority of police officers are dedicated to protecting the public. We are immensely grateful to these law enforcement professionals.

However, there are law enforcement officials who ignore their sworn duty and violate the rights of law-abiding citizens. In these situations, the innocent victim of police brutality may have the right to make a legal claim against the abusive officers and the police department where they work.
If you or a loved one was injured by federal, state, county, or local law enforcement officers, and you believe that your injury resulted from their excessive force or abuse of authority, it is important to talk with a police brutality lawyer with experience in your state’s and federal police brutality and civil rights laws.

Police have broad authority to carry out their duties, as they should. Nevertheless, there are limits to these powers. Legal claims for police brutality or abuse may arise when law enforcement officials go beyond the limits of their authority and cause needless injury.

The following are some of the types of legal claims arising from police brutality or abuse.

Excessive Force

Police only may use the amount of force that is reasonably necessary to carry out their lawful duties. Whether force is “excessive” depends on the reason why police attempted to stop or arrest an individual, the way that the person responded to police requests or demands, and the circumstances surrounding the encounter.

Thus, it might be reasonable for law enforcement officers to physically grab and restrain a person who was armed, committed a violent crime, or physically resisted arrest. Police could do this based on a reasonable belief that the individual posed immediate danger, even if their belief was wrong.

However, police may use no more force than necessary. They should not hit, rough up, or otherwise hurt a person who is unarmed, acts in a non-threatening manner, and follows their directions. Even if a person is aggressive, police must stop using force, as soon as they restrain the individual. Thus, any legal claim for “excessive force” must be based on injury resulting from force beyond whatever was necessary.

False Arrest or Imprisonment

This claim arises when police take an individual into custody, without an arrest warrant and without “probable cause.” An officer would have “probable cause” if he or she actually saw the person commit a serious crime or had a reasonable belief that the person had or was just about to commit a serious crime.

The reasonableness of the officer’s belief is based on the information available at the time of the arrest, even if it turns out to be wrong. When police lack this legal justification, the person taken into custody may have a claim for false arrest.

Malicious Prosecution

An individual may be the victim of “malicious prosecution” when a law enforcement official begins a criminal proceeding, without “probable cause,” but with malice toward the victim, and the criminal proceeding ends in the victim’s favor (without a conviction). This claim arises, because the law states that no one should be subjected to the extreme emotional stress, embarrassment, and financial expense often involved in a criminal prosecution that lacks a legitimate basis.

Unreasonable Search

In recent years, the U.S. Congress and Courts have responded to terrorist attacks, drug trafficking, and school violence, by expanding police powers. Law enforcement officers may ask every person for identification, and may check for weapons, at airports, schools, and other public buildings. In addition, police can stop a person in any public place, if the officer has “reasonable suspicion” that a crime was committed and that person committed it. During this kind of non-custodial stop, the officer may do a “pat-down” search to make sure the individual is not carrying a weapon.

There still are occasions when law enforcement officers go beyond their authority, and a search becomes “unreasonable.” The situations that may be the basis of a legal claim include:

Police enter and search an individual’s home without permission, without a warrant and without the presence of emergency, or “exigent,” circumstances. Police do a body cavity search, or “strip search,” of a person who is not under arrest, or who was arrested for a misdemeanor.
Rights of Pre-Trial Detainees

Even if police have a lawful basis to make an arrest, the individual may have a legal claim for injury that occurs in the detention facility or jail. At that point, law enforcement officials have complete control over the detainee. Therefore, they have an obligation to promptly determine his or her physical and psychological needs, provide proper medical treatment, food, and shelter, and protect the detainee from other inmates. Injury resulting from neglect during pre-trial detention may be the basis for a legal claim against the law enforcement agency that operated the facility.

Complex Legal Issues in Police Brutality Cases

In every police abuse case, the first critical issue is whether or not the officers were doing their job properly, or had a reasonable belief that they were doing so at that time. This defense is sufficient to defeat the claim, even if the victim suffered severe emotional distress.

Proof that the law enforcement officers were careless or negligent is not enough to succeed in this type of case. Instead, the victim must have evidence that police knew they were acting in an unreasonable or unlawful manner, and intentionally caused injury. Needless to say, only an experienced attorney can handle a police brutality case. To make a proper claim, the attorney must investigate all the relevant evidence and evaluate the circumstances surrounding the police conduct and the victim’s injuries.



By: Marya Sieminski

Law Enforcement in Todays Society

June 29th, 2010


It wasn’t too long ago that you could be a police officer by getting hired. The training consisted of whatever your department considered important enough to train you on. You field training program also depended on what the department figured was necessary. I remember some older officers telling me that when they started, they were given a badge, gun, uniform, leather, a flashlight, a map and a law book. They were then told to hit the streets and if they needed help, to call the chief at home. This was even before cell phones were around so to call the chief took a stop at a pay phone and a lot of praying that you wouldn’t get more than you could handle. This has all changed now. There are the various police academies, college classes and field training programs that can go for 4-52 weeks depending on the department. If you worked in a small department you could go years without a serious offense such as a homicide call, a rape or even an armed robbery. By then, common sense should come in to play.

There are a lot of really good, caring officers that do a great job, but we still have too many that “the thin blue line” protects when they shouldn’t. Too many states can still seal the file of an officer investigation and this usually means that they resign their position and keep their mouth shut. This saves the embarrassment and even a possible arrest. What this does though, is allow the bad cop to move on and apply for a position in another department or even state. This problem is not unique to law enforcement. It happens in almost every profession even though it does happen less than it used to. In Florida for example, nothing is supposed to be hidden. The laws are supposed to be followed that make any investigation public record once the investigation is completed and charges are filed or decided against. This is kind of a double edged sword. A good officer that does his or her job can have a concerted effort against him or her in an attempt to remove the officer. It doesn’t matter how good or honest an officer is, if he or she gets 15 complaints in one month for the same problem, such as excessive force, the officer will look bad no matter if he or she is cleared of the charges. It should be noted that this can happen to the citizen too. That is why it is my opinion that is you are charged with a crime and found not guilty, the charge should be immediately removed from the persons criminal history. I am not saying this because I have even be investigated, but I had to investigate officers where the complaint was baseless or even turned out to be a concerted effort among friends or acquaintances to damage the officers reputation or to get them fired.

How do we fix this? First, every officer investigated should have the same rights as a regular citizen. He or she should have the right to face their accuser. All complaints should have to be in writing and notarized. If the investigation is handled in house, the evidence from the investigation should be corroborated by an outside, uninterested party. Finally, if the investigation is proven to be baseless or even worse, a total fabrication, the accuser should suffer the consequences. Just like an officer should be reprimanded or even charged if he or she does that to a citizen, it should be the same penalty for a citizen who is lying just to get attention or to cause an officer grief.

The whole idea of covering up an investigation or hiding it does nothing to establish trust and it certainly doesn’t do justice to all of the good, honest officers that are out their giving their all and doing their best to make a difference.



By: Dan Swogger

Segways For Use In Law Enforcement

June 24th, 2010


Last year I heard about Police Departments across the country buying Segways and I wondered if there was a use for them in the realm of Law Enforcement. I saw news footage of people using Segways and they appeared slow and bulky. I also figured they must be dangerous after seeing so many videos of people crashing on them ( the videos were quite amusing)

A few months ago I learned that my agency was buying a fleet of the Segways and anyone interested in using them would be able to attend a training class. Recently I attended the training class and I must say that I am thoroughly impressed with the Segway.

The most impressive aspect of the Segway is it’s speed. They top out at around 12.5 miles per hour which is a pretty good rate of speed. They accelerate fast and an officer could easily catch up with a suspect fleeing on foot or on a bicycle.

Learning to operate the Segway took a little time but after a few hours I felt invincible as I jumped off curbs and raced along sidewalks and over grass. The Segway handled perfectly when jumping off concrete curbs at top speed which is a must if you plan on chasing suspects or responding quickly to calls for service.

I was equally as shocked to learn that the Segway can operate over grass, dirt, and gravel terrain. I assumed the Segway was a pavement only machine but I was wrong. The Segway slowed down while going through grass but it was able to take me up and down a grassy hill.

Another impressive feature is the Segway’s ability to manuever and turn. I was able to ride down busy sidewalks while easily manuevering around people, light poles, cars, and other obstacles. The most impressive feature is the ability to instantly stop the Segway while traveling at top speed. While racing along at 12.5 miles per hour I was able to instantly stop the Segway by leaning back and pulling on the handlebar. This feature is perfect for those situations where you need to stop and exit the Segway for an emergency situation or to avoid a collision.

I was concerned of the potential for the Segways to be stolen if officers left them unsecured while conducting investigations that required them to walk away from their Segways. I learned that our Segways come with an audible alarm that is activated if someone touches it after the officer turns on the alarm system. The Segways are also very heavy and it would be no easy task for someone to pick one up and run off with it.

While on the Segway you are able to better monitor your immediate surroundings because you are taller than everyone else nearby. Officers are highly visible to the public while on Segways which is an excellent crime deterrent.

The Segway will greatly benefit a Police Department in assignments where officers are dealing with large crowds or congested urban areas such as downtown areas and apartment complexes. It is also a great Community Policing tool in that it gets officers out of their cruisers and up close and personals with the community. Officers are able to easily approach and communicate with citizens while on the Segway.

I think that the Segway is the ideal Community Policing tool but it is fast enough and quiet enough to be utilized for narcotics enforcement and many other patrol functions.



By: Carl Dunde

American Justice In The 1800’s

June 23rd, 2010


Lynch mobs, posses, noon showdowns….clearly, laws have changed considerably over the last two centuries. In the 19th century as the American frontier was expanding, many times there were simply not enough lawmen to enforce the laws, or people decided to take matters into their own hands. At any rate, the justice system of the 1800s had some significant differences than the one of today, both formally and informally. Following are three examples of the different ways that justice was obtained, from civil means to downright barbaric acts, in the 19th century.

The lynching of Henry Smith – The lynch mobs of the 1800s provide one of the best examples chaotic and ruthless vigilante justice that has ever been shown. Barbaric by nature, these acts were often committed in the heat of the moment, when anger levels were high and the need for revenge was great. Sadly, many of the people executed were not even guilty of the offenses with which they had been charged, or their crimes were certainly not enough to warrant such a punishment. One of the most famous lynchings during this time period was that of Henry Smith in 1893. Smith was an ex-slave living in Texas when he was accused of the murder of a 3-year-old white girl, the daughter of a policeman. Though his role in the child’s murder was not certain, there would be no trial for Smith; once he was found, he would be forced to endure one of the most horrific acts of torture recorded in American history. Before of a crowd of 10,000 people eager to watch Smith suffer, he was tortured relentlessly before being burned alive. With his body lifeless on the ground, the crowd cheered their joy at justice having been served.

The work of Pinkerton detectives – The Pinkerton National Detective Agency provided another means to bring criminals to justice. Founded in 1850, the Pinkertons, as the detectives were known, managed to track hundreds of criminals to see justice served, including Jesse James, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, and the Irish Molly Maguires. At one time the agency employed more agents than the U.S. Army had soldiers, and it had more mug shots than any other law enforcement agency in the country. Besides their fine detective skills, the Pinkertons were also well-known for their diligence in tracking and capturing known criminals, even following some across the several states. The detectives worked hard to see justice served, and it paid off. Though the agency no longer exists today as it did then, it is remembered as a successful law enforcement group that worked tirelessly to defend the rights and freedoms of law-abiding citizens and give criminals their due.

The murder trial of Octavius Barron – When Octavius Barron murdered William Lyman in 1837, he was granted a fair trial by the public in Rochester, New York. On the night of October 20, 18-year-old Barron pointed his pistol at the back of Lyman’s head and fired at point blank range. It didn’t take long for authorities to piece together what Barron had done; with his open bragging of the crime, his reputation as a less than respectable citizen, and even eye witness accounts, police officers were quick to find and arrest the young man. Charged with murder, Barron faced a trial that was scheduled to begin on May 28, 1838. Though it lasted only 10 days, the trial was a spectacle to behold for the citizens of Rochester, who packed the courthouse daily. Eager to hear all the details, jurors, attorneys, court employees, and the public listened intently to hours of argument from both the prosecution and the defense. All the while, Barron maintained his plea of not guilty. The jury spent only 15 minutes deciding the young man’s fate; he was guilty with a sentence to die. After his execution on July 25, 1838, the majority opinion was that justice had been served – a life for a life.

But the story of Octavius Barron and William Lyman doesn’t end there. You can learn more about the men, the murder, and the meaning of redemption with “Visions: True Stories of the Supernatural,” a documentary by Ad-Hoc Productions. Learn more about this fascinating tale at http://www.ad-hoc-productions.com/.



By: Michael Keene

How to Deal with Bribery and Corruption in Nigeria

June 20th, 2010


Every society has its own problems. Nigeria as a society has problems too. Some of the problems in Nigeria are bribery and corruption. The problem seems to have eaten so deep into the fabrics of the society that virtually everybody around the globe believes that Nigeria is arguably one of the most corrupt countries on earth.

It’s quite controversial and disputable but the fact remains that in every lie there is an element of truth. Nigeria is a country on its own with many unique features and happenings because of diverse cultures, tribes, people and so on that make up the country.

There are many government establishments and security outfits in the country, such as The Nigerian Police Force, The Nigerian Security and Civil Defense Corps and so on, aimed at forestalling the breakdown of law and order in the country. Despite the existence of these security outfits in the country, law and order are broken everyday. Why? You may say that maybe the people charged with the responsibility of maintaining the law and order in the country are not living up to their billings or that they are not well equipped to undertake the task given to them.

Well, either way you are correct because it has been severally allegedly reported that those given the responsibility to arrest, charge and prosecute corrupt citizens or individuals in the country only end up taking bribe from the people they are supposed to deal with. Then the question is,” Who is fooling who?” If bribery is part of corruption then who should be arrested, charged and prosecuted?

Bribery and corruption can only be dealt with in Nigeria when nobody is ready to offer bribe and nobody is ready to take bribe because if there is no giver there will certainly no be a receiver. If you don’t give bribe nobody will receive bribe. If everybody in Nigeria makes up his mind to be honest with his or her dealings the country will be a better place like never before.

The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission popularly known as EFCC and Independent Corrupt Practices and other related offences Commission (ICPC) should take it upon themselves to arrest, charge and duly prosecute anybody no matter how highly placed found wanting or corrupt in any way.



By: Edeh Chijioke

Police Force Face Claims For Race Discrimination

June 15th, 2010


Over recent months the British Police Force has found itself dealing with a number of claims for compensation due to discrimination in the workplace on grounds of race and ethnicity. One Police officer has submitted a claim for

Military and Law Enforcement Use of Strobing Flashlights

June 4th, 2010


Law enforcement, government agencies and independent developers have all been searching for non-lethal and less forceful methods of subduing criminals and enemies. The use of tasers, rubber bullets and various gases and sprays have all been, and are all being, studied to find out how much damage, both short term and long term, they do. Some of the newest and most promising devices are being developed using an existing flashlight feature – strobing LED light.

While it may seem a little silly to think that a pulsing light can stop a criminal intent on breaking the law or committing violence, it is actually very effective. Just think about how disorienting it can be when a bright light is suddenly turned on in a dark room. Most people will squint or turn their head when light is suddenly introduced. In a lot of cases, that is all an officer needs to get the upper hand.

The light emitting diode, or LED, bulb is well suited for this type of application. We most often come into contact with these lights in our electronic devices. They are the kind of bulb used to let you know that the power is on. Over the last ten years they have started to play a bigger role in everyday lighting. They are prominent fixtures in the world of outdoor lighting equipment (think flashlights, lanterns and headlamps). There are many towns that are starting to replace their standard traffic lights with ones made with LEDs. These lights are also being used as home lighting replacement bulbs and around the landscaping. LED bulbs burn much brighter on less energy, are very durable, last for longer spans of time and can come in a variety of colors.

Strobing lights have the effect of disorienting the communication between our eyes and our brains. This forces someone looking at them to have to look away or flee from the pulsing of the light. Police officers have been using strobe flashlights for several years as a means to stop fleeing suspects by stunning and confusing them. This non-violent means of incapacitating a criminal is being looked at for wider use.

CBS News ran a story recently on what is being called the LED Incapacitator. This LED light takes this strobing concept to the next level without losing the inherent benefits of an LED bulb. It uses some specific light frequencies that affect the brain and then cycles through those frequencies too fast for the brain to adjust. The light also shifts through various colors to cause additional confusion. This new police tactical light is bright enough to be used in both brightly lit environments as well as the dark.

Not only are these tactical flashlights helpful for law enforcement officers and the military, they are also considered beneficial for personal defense. Strobing LED flashlights are available to the public for use in their own safety. With a push of the button, a general LED flashlight can turn into a strobing light in the event of an attack while in a parking garage or walking home at night. This pulsing light can provide a few extra seconds to get away or call out for help. Some who do not wish to carry pepper spray will find this an excellent alternative.

Strobing flashlights and torches are innovative and potentially life saving. As new devices are being created for our uniformed professionals, we may see more and more derivatives of those products available to the public.

~Ben Anton, 2008



By: Ben Anton

Get Law Enforcement Training To Be a Police Officer

May 28th, 2010


The field of criminal justice covers a lot of ground, and solid law enforcement training can present many choices for a future career. Before enrolling in any course, you should do some serious soul-searching to be sure you will receive good training that will cover your specific field of interest.

Consider what you would like to gain from your law enforcement education. Training in the field can lead to many exciting careers, including police officer, probation officer, parole officer, crime scene investigator (CSI), prison guard, crime technician, forensic scientist, forensic psychologist, corrections officer, and many more. Majors could include Corrections, Law, Forensics, Criminal Psychology, Private Investigation, Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, Public Safety, and Computer Crime, among others.

Depending on the duration and type of training you decide upon, you could earn credentials ranging from professional certification to a college degree in criminal justice. Vocational schools, trade schools and community colleges offer courses that can lead to certifications as well as Associate degrees and sometimes Bachelor degrees. Those who transfer to a four-year college can continue their education and receive a Master degree.

Employment opportunities in the field of criminal justice are wide and varied. Positions for those with proper training are available in the private sector as well as with government agencies. With credentials from one of the top colleges, you will be qualified to apply with a local police force, private business, school, prison, jail, forensics lab, or a government agency. There are boundless opportunities, making this one of the most popular fields of study today.

If you are someone who is concerned with justice and public safety, and you want to make a difference in people’s lives, perhaps you should seriously consider learning the field of law enforcement. Submit a request today to a few choice schools found on our website, and you will soon have all the information you need to take that first step towards a well-respected and satisfying career.

DISCLAIMER: Above is a GENERAL OVERVIEW and may or may not reflect specific practices, courses and/or services associated with ANY ONE particular school(s) that is or is not advertised on our website.

Copyright 2008 – All rights reserved by Media Positive Communications, Inc.

Notice: Publishers are free to use this article on an ezine or website, provided the article is reprinted in its entirety, including copyright and disclaimer, and ALL links remain intact and active.



By: Michael Bustamante

The Obstacles Facing Cyber Law Enforcement

May 28th, 2010


The online community is cruel and ruthless leaving no margin of error for anyone. Once you make a bona fide mistake you get crucified immediately. It is because of this general attitude among many people in social communities, that people jump to unfair and unjustified conclusions. Most participants of these communities are used to this behaviour and are not bothered by it too much. Most of these unjustified remarks often cause embarrassment for the comment maker, which is well deserved, because you should take the consequences of your actions for speaking out loud without thinking. Where am I going with this? What does this have to do with fighting cyber crime?

Let me explain with an example: When a big company like Microsoft cause a security risk for users of Internet Explorer out of negligence, you can be sure that the press (including the online community) will throw some big stones at them. This response is justified because the safety of innocent users is put at risk because of the negligence of a respectful organisation. But when Microsoft makes a remark that is misunderstood by some people, without causing any security threats because of this ill formulated remark, why should they be crucified? Microsoft is run by people and people make mistakes. If the community wants to rant and rave about something, then find something that deserves some ranting and raving and stop wasting time on things that can be excused. The company has to waste valuable resources to put out the fires caused by this overreaction instead of using those resources to improve the security of their products. No, I am not a Microsoft prophet, I am simply using them as an example.

Investigating spam and determining the origin of a scam letter is not as simple as tracking an IP address. Most people think so, but that is because they never really tried to locate a spammer on their own after being spammed. It is very easy to forge an e-mail header and that makes it almost impossible to locate the real sender of the e-mail. Even if the header is not forged, you never know whether it is a case of identity theft. Computer criminals hack into e-mail accounts, they hijack web sites and use it to their advantage under the identity of an innocent victim. This enables them to operate undetectable by moving from one account to another. Jurisdictional constraints makes it is hard for federal organisations of one country to prosecute crimes committed in another crime, not even to speak of locating the criminal.

Abuse departments of hosting companies and service providers are so swamped with so many daily reports of spam and network abuse that it is impossible for them to respond to each and every spam report individually. It obviously creates the impression that they do not really take action against the guilty parties. Of course, some companies appear to have an abuse department, but it is only a front to make people believe that they take action against spammers. This discourages people from reporting cyber crime and it effectively allows cyber criminals to operate in the open without the risk of getting caught.

People take cyber crime lightly, cyber crime is being handled as crime committed in another dimension, a dimension not regulated by law. Cyber crime is just like any other crime committed in the normal world, the only difference comes in the methods of investigation. Cyber swindlers are real life criminals, they should never be underestimated. The fact that they operate behind a computer screen makes no difference. Law enforcement agencies do not really care about the person robbed from a couple of dollars, they only pursue the big fish. Unfortunately this is how most scammers operate. They steal a bit from one victim, they steal a bit from another victim, they steal a bit from hundreds of helpless victims and pocked thousands of dollars in the end. Law enforcement agencies will take this crime more serious if everyone starts to report it to their local police department. Sooner or later they will realise that something has to be done. Many police departments are also not equipped to handle digital evidence effectively and many police officers still do not have the skills to conduct proper cyber crime investigations.

Cyber crime is very volatile and cannot always be solved using conventional methods, so I appeal to the online community not to question the unconventional methods of cyber crime investigators. At least they are doing something about an epidemic that is ignored by many influential and powerful organisations.



By: Coenraad De Beer